Mental Health Nursing for Bipolar Patient

Question: Discuss about the Mental Health Nursing for Bipolar Patient. Answer: Mood swings is one of the major symptoms of bipolar. It mainly involves rapid change of moods and at extreme causing depression. Moods is usually marked y extreme change in mood swings, behavior and energy (Clarke, Walsh,2009). In most cases, this is commonly referred to as bipolar as the patient moods can rapidly alternate between the poles of depression and mania. This change in mood can last for hours, days or even months at extreme conditions (Morrissey, Callaghan,2011). From the case study, we are told that when interviewed, her mood becomes elevated and labile. We are told that Ellen has periods of increased irritability. Thought of content usually describes what a bipolar patient is thinking about or what the patient is obsessed with. It includes the presence or the absence of delusions homicidal and suicidal ideas and also obsession thinking (Downes, 2008). The patient may also become commanding and its import and to understand what the patient can do in response to these demanding hallucinations. Its also important to determine if the patient gets special information from the television. In our case, we are told that Ellen refuses to get out of the club. She also spend huge amount of her money on cigarettes, brandy and items that are advertised on TV shopping channel. Thought form can be defined as the thought process being experienced by a bipolar patient. This can be based on the relevance of the patience conversation, flight of ideas and thoughts, tangential and extreme irrelevance. In establishing thought from, it is important to note if the patient is deviating from the topic of discussion and also inquire if the patient knows about the date (Clarke, Walsh,2009). In our case study, we are told that Ellen is experiencing flights in ideas as her thoughts keeps shifting from topic to topic. Ellen does not have the sense of time and date. These are clear indications of mental disorder. Insight is the asses to whether the patient is suffering. To assess this, the patient may be asked if she needs help or whether they feel that the conditions they are in are normal. The character exhibited by the patient towards the medical practitioners is also important in establishment of this disorder (Lippincott, Wilkins, 2006). Ellen has portrayed all the above symptoms. She seems to be over familiar towards the male staff in the clinic. She denies to be suffering from any sort of perpetual disturbances. The assessment conducted on her also indicates limited insight to her illness as she states there is nothing wrong with me Some of the risk factors associated with mental disorder include; the biological risk factors. Evidence has proved that there is a great genetic association between genetics and mental disorder especially Alzheimer disease (AD). It has been proved that ad can take different forms but it is not in all cases that AD can be merited (Downes, 2008). The second risk factor is the psychosocial and other protective factors. These factors include; smoking. Studies have established a very close relationship between smoking and mental disorder. The nicotine found in tobacco is an active agent that binds the acetylcholine receptors (Lippincott, Wilkins, 2006). Environmental triggers are also a risk factor that is associated with mental disorder. The environmental toxins and viruses have been proved to be a major factor that causes the AD (Varcarolis, Halter, Varcarolis, 2010). Despite this, the evidence of these hypotheses has not been strongly established but it is evident that aggressive env ironmental conditions are a major risk factor to AD (Clarke, Walsh, 2009). The nursing priorities taken in mental disorder involves a five part decision making procedure. These procedures are used in patient identification and treatment. They include; assessment, planning, diagnosis evaluation and intervention (Morrissey, Callaghan, 2011). This process requires interaction and collaboration between a team of professionals, the society, the family and the patient so as to ease and improve the quality of treatment. Assessment: This is considered to be the first step in offering care. It involves data collection regarding the patient through assessment interviews and telecommunications. The interview is usually modified to match the circumstances faced by the patient and also the patients cognitive ability (Morrissey, Callaghan, 2011). Interview: This is mainly doe in order to assess the physical and the mental status of the patient at this stage, there is advanced data collection from both the patient and the family members and other health care providers where the patient may have previously looked for treatment (Lippincott, Wilkins, 2006). The medical practitioners may also seek other influencing factors and develop a suitable framework that will be used in interview. Planning: After the patient is assessed and interviewed and all the necessary information obtained, the patient is then asked to set the goals and the outcomes that he or she desires (Morrissey, Keogh, Doyle, 2008). These goals should be feasible. The psychiatrists will then decide the best method that can be followed to achieve these goals depending on the nature, conditions and settings of the patient. Intervention: These are the actions taken by the healthcares practitioners to ensure that the stipulated goals and outcomes are achieved (Townsend, 2014). The actions of the practitioners will be based on their clinical knowledge and skills, judgment and their professionalism on how intervene on the patients personal crisis (Lippincott, Wilkins, 2006). This may include the administration of appropriate medication, therapy, emotional support and privacy provision among others. Evaluation: The effectiveness of the intervention took by the medical practitioners is usually examined by the outcomes obtained (Clarke, Walsh, 2009). In cases where the set goals and outcomes are not achieved, the crisis is resolved and the patient is returned to the intervention procedure for further check by the psychiatrist until the result is obtained (Morrissey, Keogh, Doyle, 2008). The main purpose of the principles of mental health nursing is to ensure that the health care services provided to patients with mental health disorder are delivered in a way that supports the patients recovery (Downes, 2008). These principles include; Uniqueness of the patient-this encourages the patient to understand that they are at the center of the treatment. Real choice- this helps in supporting patients to acquire inbuilt strengths and ensures that the patients take responsibilities of their lives as much as they can. Attitude and rights-it helps in instilling hope to the patients future and enables them to lead a meaningful life. Dignity and respect- it helps in challenging discrimination towards the patients. Communication and partnership-instills the values of sharing information and the importance of effective communication. Reference Clarke, V., Walsh, A. (2009). Fundamentals of mental health nursing. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Downes, S. (2008, February 08). Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/evolutionary-psychology/ Lippincott Williams Wilkins., Books@Ovid., Electronic Books Collection. (2006). Straight A's in psychiatric mental health nursing. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Morrissey, J., Callaghan, P. (2011). Communication skills for mental health nurses. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Morrissey, J., Keogh, B., Doyle, L. (2008). Psychiatric/ mental health nursing: An Irish perspective. Dublin: Gill Macmillan. Townsend, M. (2014). Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing: Concepts of Care in Evidence-Based Practice. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company. United Nations; Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.World Population Prospects: the 2008 revision [Internet]. New York; 2009[cited 2012 May 20]. Available from: https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_highlights. Varcarolis, E. M., Halter, M. J., Varcarolis, E. M. (2010). Foundations of psychiatric mental health nursing: A clinical approach. St. Louis, Mo: Saunders/Elsevier.

Music Technology Modern Society free essay sample

I am going to talk about how specific aspects of hip hop have evolved with technology from the period of the sasss up to present time. Hip Hop recordings during the asss mostly consisted of PA system recordings from parties where rappers would perform, and also Dos who used to create the very first mistakes with different artists featuring on them. This was usually recorded on a turntable with a standard dynamic microphone which created the raw old school Hip Hop sound people hear it as today. Cassette recordings were highly popular during the asss before digital tape recorders came the standard use during the asss.This creates a huge contrast between Hip Hop today as it Is now as easy as to ring an engineer and book studio time to have high quality sound recordings created within 30 minutes. This Is due to the technological advancements not only in Hip Hop, but music Itself through the use of electronic software recordings and other equipment and sound effects that are easily used through the software. We will write a custom essay sample on Music Technology Modern Society or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Software such as Logic, Pro Tools and Scubas have almost completely replaced all other styles of recording due to the efficiency of them.Hip Hop production has also changed a vast amount due to the software that is now available to everyone and anyone. In the old school days of Hip Hop, instrumentals were mostly created using hardware and live recordings of instruments using analogue synthesizers and drum machines, whereas now all it takes is to download a program and you can create a simple sequence using default sounds within minutes. I think this has created a pollution type of affect on this genre as there is a lot of bad quality sounding Hip Hop not only on the Internet but radio stations etc. ICC drowns out the sound of the original sampled Jazz, funk and skilled lyricism which was originally Intended for Hip Hop. The advancements of software has not only changed the way Hip Hop is created but the way that it is distributed, bought and listened to. For example, you can turn on your computer and search for your favorite artists and be able to stream their latest music straight to your ears rather than having to go to a record store to buy or listen to an album. You could also go straight onto tunes or any other online music stepsisters and buy the album outright online.The development of the Internet has also created a whole new lane for upcoming artists who are not signed to record labels as you can put projects out on the Internet for free Vela websites such as youth, concluded or bandanna which Is a major factor to boosting your popularity and getting your music known by people not only in your local city but all over the world. Music Technology Modern Society By penmanships This creates a huge contrast between Hip Hop today as it is now as easy as to ring an 0 minutes.This is due to the technological advancements not only in Hip Hop, but music itself through the use of electronic software recordings and other equipment qua lity sounding Hip Hop not only on the internet but radio stations etc.

Free Essays on The Effects Of Media Violence On Young Children

The Effects of Media Violence on Young Children Abstract- The portrayal of violence in the media has an effect on all who witness it. This effect can especially be seen in young children, as they may be the more likely to witness violence through their specified programming. While the number of violent acts in children’s programming has increased in recent years, most research suggests that, past a certain age, children are not likely to engage in violent or imitative acts themselves as a result of this programming. The psychological development necessary for this stage includes the ability to distinguish between reality and fantasy as well as the development of a conscience and awareness for others’ feelings (or empathy). Although the violence portrayed in the media has specific effects on young children, these effects may be controlled and often do not lead to actual violent behavior. Introduction- Witnessing violence can be a traumatic event for anyone to endure. These effects may occur whether or not the event witnessed is actually occurring. Media violence has been an issue in American society since the Vietnam War, when the media as well as the government had to decide how much of the combat footage would be broadcast. Violence portrayed by the media for creative or informative purposes can have devastating effects on those watching. Research indicates that there may be a connection between media violence and teenage aggression, suggesting parental controls on television viewing among these groups (Whitfield, 2002). The effects of violent programming are especially significant in young children who have not yet fully developed the skills for discerning fiction from reality. Although violence in the media has an effect on young children, these negative effects can be eliminated once the child reaches a particular age. Literature Review- Violence portrayed in the media encompasses the areas of television, movie... Free Essays on The Effects Of Media Violence On Young Children Free Essays on The Effects Of Media Violence On Young Children The Effects of Media Violence on Young Children Abstract- The portrayal of violence in the media has an effect on all who witness it. This effect can especially be seen in young children, as they may be the more likely to witness violence through their specified programming. While the number of violent acts in children’s programming has increased in recent years, most research suggests that, past a certain age, children are not likely to engage in violent or imitative acts themselves as a result of this programming. The psychological development necessary for this stage includes the ability to distinguish between reality and fantasy as well as the development of a conscience and awareness for others’ feelings (or empathy). Although the violence portrayed in the media has specific effects on young children, these effects may be controlled and often do not lead to actual violent behavior. Introduction- Witnessing violence can be a traumatic event for anyone to endure. These effects may occur whether or not the event witnessed is actually occurring. Media violence has been an issue in American society since the Vietnam War, when the media as well as the government had to decide how much of the combat footage would be broadcast. Violence portrayed by the media for creative or informative purposes can have devastating effects on those watching. Research indicates that there may be a connection between media violence and teenage aggression, suggesting parental controls on television viewing among these groups (Whitfield, 2002). The effects of violent programming are especially significant in young children who have not yet fully developed the skills for discerning fiction from reality. Although violence in the media has an effect on young children, these negative effects can be eliminated once the child reaches a particular age. Literature Review- Violence portrayed in the media encompasses the areas of television, movie...

Hamlet vs. Beowulf Essay Essays

Hamlet vs. Beowulf Essay Essays Hamlet vs. Beowulf Essay Essay Hamlet vs. Beowulf Essay Essay How make the supporters from Beowulf and Hamlet compare? Though both play a major function in an heroic narrative. they portion a few common point of views. The result of both narratives is greatly influenced by the chief character’s battles in life. The state of affairss that occur throughout these narratives besides impact the narrations. In add-on. the assorted characters in each work influence the protagonists’ picks and lives. Each is involved in subjects which can easy associate to those of modern twenty-four hours society. although Beowulf and Hamlet live in wholly different times. Beowulf is the ideal warrior ; he is a strong. fearless combatant and a antic leader who goes to immutable extremes to protect his people. When his state is threatened by what is thought to be an undefeatable animal named Grendel. Beowulf does the impossible and slays the monster. Hamlet. on the other manus. is non a leader like Beowulf whatsoever. Hamlet is non even a male monarch or recognized as a leader. Hamlet’s male parent was murdered. and afterwards he merely wants to travel back to school to larn. It is non until much idea and readying that he makes it his mission to hold his father’s retaliation. If Beowulf was placed in the same state of affairs. he would hold immediately killed the adult male responsible for the slaying. : From the beginning of this heroic poem verse form. Beowulf is non loved as a kid and is told he will neer be a leader. therefore giving him the motive to go one of the greatest warriors of all time. His lone fright is failure. in conflict and as a leader. He takes on such a big function as a warrior that his fellow countrymen do non see the demand to of all time fix to contend because Beowulf is all the warrior they need. This ultimately consequences in much hurting and battle when Beowulf finds himself in demand of aid. Hamlet is every bit much of an introvert as Beowulf is an extravert. Hamlet prefers to analyze alternatively of battle and learn over conflict. Hamlet’s parents love him. but his female parent is a shallow adult female who marries his uncle entirely to stay in a topographic point of power. Horatio and Hamlet keep an uneven relationship- Horatio is Hamlet’s retainer. yet he is a close friend of Hamlet’s. There are many major events in both of these narrations. but one in each stands out. In Beowulf. at the beginning of the novel he is crowned king and viewed as the leader of all. This is a major event because it puts Beowulf in a place of undivided power which seems to finally travel to his caput. Though he is an unbelievable leader. he believes that he does non and neer will necessitate any aid. which ends up being fatal. In his concluding minutes. Beowulf exclaims â€Å"To the everlasting Lord of All. to the King of Glory. I give thanks that I behold this hoarded wealth here in forepart of me. that I have been allowed to go forth my people so good endowed on the twenty-four hours I die† ( Beowulf. page 189 ) . A major turning point in Hamlet is the scene where Hamlet speaks with his father’s shade. Up until this point in the drama. Hamlet seems at easiness with his father’s decease. but after he converses with the shade he becomes ridden with retaliation. This flood tide turns the full context of the drama from Hamlet wishing to go to school to Hamlet seeking retaliation on his uncle which. likewise to Beowulf. leads to his decease. Beowulf’s character is instead luxuriant. At the beginning of the book. it is said â€Å"a boy-child was born to Shield. a greenhorn in the pace. a comfort sent by God to the nation† ( Beowulf. page 3 ) . From the beginning. Beowulf is made out to be an undefeatable hero who will halt at nil to protect his people from danger. It is easy to associate to Beowulf in the sense that he will ever lift to people’s outlooks and go on to transcend them. as supported by the text â€Å"then Halfdane’s boy presented Beowulf with a gilded criterion as a triumph gift†¦with customary grace bestowed upon Beowulf both sets of gifts† ( Beowulf. page 69 ) . But it finally comes to a point where he merely can non run into the outlooks and is left dumfounded. As Grendel’s female parent returns to take her son’s claw. she is frightened as â€Å"The hell-dam was in terror. desperate to acquire out. in mortal panic the minute she was found. she had pounced and taken one of the considerations in a tight clasp. so headed for the fen† ( Beowulf. page 91 ) . Even though the monster is scared and running off. Beowulf. merely out of pride. follows her to her place to conflict. Hamlet has no leading desire at the beginning of the drama. He merely wants to analyze and larn while his pa regulations the state. Then Claudius. his uncle. slayings his pa and after an brush with his father’s shade. Hamlet’s personality alterations ; he becomes obsessed with damages. This makes sense because choler is one of the strongest human emotions. It is an self-evident emotion. referred to as â€Å"one of the seven lifelessly wickednesss. † For Hamlet. this becomes a world as acquiring retaliation finally leads to his ain decease. A really popular quotation mark. â€Å"More than kin. less than kind† ( Hamlet. page 3 ) was originated in Hamlet when he mumbled it to his uncle. who becomes his stepfather. Beowulf and Hamlet. though composed by different writers and written in different signifiers. have battles which parallel many in the universe today. Both of the heroes are affected by emotions. the people around them. and the events that occur throughout each work. Beowulf lives in a really violent society where flagitious force is the norm ; this compares to certain parts of the universe today. such as the Mideast. He besides exemplifies the good in good versus immorality which most of the modern universe still deals with today. Beowulf fought against monsters whereas people today fight against disease and terrorist act. Hamlet’s compulsion with retaliation is non different from many populating today. Although Christians are meant to forgive their neighbours. many find this hard. We are supposed to larn from history. nevertheless. the past seems to reiterate itself more frequently than non. Even though Hamlet and Beowulf live in different epochs. their conflicts with force. good versus immorality. and retaliation still keep true today.

Copyright and Creativity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Copyright and Creativity - Essay Example It is purported that copyright primarily serves the end of encouraging creativity, because of the inspiration it provides to authors/writers/creators and would-be authors/writers/creators that will see creativity as an opportunity to gain economic advantage as well as an acknowledgment of their talent. This claim, however, is being contested by those who argue that artists have been churning out great works of arts for centuries without the benefit of copyright protection. Worse, there are those who perceive copyright protection as an unwitting tool for stifling creativity as illustrated by recent cases where works have been prohibited from seeing publication on the ground that they infringe the copyright law. The question that is being contemplated by this paper, therefore, is whether or not copyright protection encourages or stifles artistic creativity. Background The US Copyright Law has its roots in the 1710, Statute of Anne, an English law that ended the monopoly of the Statione r’s Company by vesting exclusive right of books to their authors for fourteen years, subject to renewal. After the American Revolution in the 18th century, several states their own copyright laws that took after the Statute of Anne, but the Constitutional Convention decided that a unifying law on copyright should be enacted nationally and thus, attached a clause mandating such passage in Article 1 of the proposed Constitution. The subsequent Copyright Act of 1970 copied the 14-year period of exclusive right to authors renewable for another 14 years and was made applicable solely to books, maps and maritime charts. Eventually, however, the US copyright law was broadened to cover other original works as well. In the Copyright Act of 1909, the coverage of the grant extended to all written works not only in the US but to various written foreign works as well. In addition, it extended the period of the exclusive right to 28 years, which is renewable for another 28 years. The next copyright law, i.e. Copyright Act of 1976 is the precursor of the present US copyright law. This Act eliminated many of the earlier features as well as added new ones. For example, it established a single period of exclusive right for all kinds of works, which is the life of the author plus 50 years, dismissed the formalities and made the right applicable the very moment the work becomes a concrete medium of expression. 1 Before the present consolidated US copyright law came into being, the Copyright Act 1976 went through various amendments and supplementations. These include the following: the Audio Home Recording Act of 1992, which added copyright grant to digital audio recordings; the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998, which extended the exclusive right to 20 years, and; the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998, which deals with high-technology works. 2 Features of the Present US Copyright Law Under the present US Copyright Law, which is denominated as Title 17 of the United States Code, the exclusive rights to reproduce, prepare derivative works, distribute copies, perform, display publicly and use in a digital audio transmission of works, are granted only to their authors or creators.3 The copyright grant covers only 8 kinds of words, and their respective derivatives, namely: literary

Jean Watson's Theory of Caring Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Jean Watson's Theory of Caring - Essay Example In the modern days, caring science is a field of study that has many disciplines of study that includes nursing, feminist study, ecology, philosophy, arts and other humanities. Application of Jean Watson’s theory The Jean Watson’s theory has been applied in several ways as the literature in the theory suggests. The theory has been used in the creation of a humanistic system. These are values which develop at an early stage of the nurse. They can also develop as a result of sharing with parents and the people around him or her. Life experiences and personal exposure to the real world can also create these humanistic values in the life of a nurse. These experiences  have of great  necessity  in nurse’s maturation, this in return leads to the development of altruistic nature of the nurse towards other people (Watson, 1999). Hope and faith of nurses  are some of the traits that have been  greatly improved by the creation of this theory. Faith and hope are v ery essential character traits that every nurse should possess. The theory describes it to be of great importance for both carative as well as curative stages. When the doctor has no more to offer to the patient the nurse should use the faith and hope aspects to show a sense of recovery to the patient (Watson, 1999). The theory has also enabled the nurse to cultivate sensitivity to oneself and to his or her patients. If a nurse is willing to hold a genuine conversation between himself and the patient he needs to be in the same emotional state as the one with the patient. As the nurse becomes more sensitive he or she also develops an authentic value. This encourages the nurse in self growth as well as self-actualization to both the nurse and other people whom he or she interacts with. When a personal relationship  has been   developed, there is a higher level of functioning and also the promotion of health (Watson, 1999). The theory has been used in the creation of a helpful and trustful relationship. This can be described as the strongest tool in a relationship because it demonstrates caring for each other. The major characteristics that the nurse holds in order to develop this kind of relationship are warmth which is demonstrated towards the patient, empathy which shows that the nurse Cleary understands what the patient is going through and congruence. The nurse employs the use of both verbal and nonverbal methods to make the communication effective (Watson, 1999). The theory has also been used to improve the use scientific process as one way of solving problems. The design is very necessary in a nursing career as it is the most important decision making tool. The scientific method of solving problems is the only available method that enables prediction and control. The process also offers a room for self-correction. The theory has preferably described the caring science as one should not always be objective and neutral. The theory also promotes the learn ing and teaching role. This is vital because the nurse needs to focus on learning from others as well as teaching them (Watson, 1999). Framework of Jean Watson’s theory The theory describes the nursing process to be carried out in a number of steps. This will provide a platform for decision making in the workplace. The use of the theory will greatly help in solving problems in the structure. The first step in decision making is achieved by assessing the issue at hand. This can also be termed as the problem. The assessment of the problem is

Pollution Summary Essay Example for Free

Pollution Summary Essay What is Air Pollution? The air we breathe supplies the oxygen that sustains life. Humans need oxygen to survive, and plants and animals need oxygen to survive. Our air supply has become contaminated by human activity. We have created machinery that has produced smog and acid rain. We have created a green house effect and have made holes in our ozone layer. Each of these acts can cause serious health problems for humans and animals, and can cause grave harm to our vegetation and ecosystems. There are seven main types of air pollutants. Raven (2008) describes them as particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, hydrocarbons, ozone, air toxics, and carbon oxides. Particulate matter can come from dust, soil, soot, and asbestos Nitrogen oxides come from gasses that are produced by chemical interactions between atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen. Sulfur oxides come from chemical interactions between sulfur and oxygen. Hydrocarbons come from chemical interactions between hydrogen and carbon. Ozone comes in two forms; (1) oxygen’s reaction with UV radiation in the stratosphere and, (2) oxygen reaction in the troposphere what creates smog. Air toxics can be radioactive substances, fluorides, and hydrochloric acid, and carbon oxides are carbon monoxide and dioxide. Causes of Air Pollution Chemicals, human sources, and natural sources contribute to air pollution. Air pollution can be traced all the way back to Ancient Roman times. â€Å"Every day, the average person inhales about 20,000 liters of air. Every time we breathe, we risk inhaling dangerous chemicals that have found their way into the air. † (Caroline, David, Michael, Mindy, Neil, and Vikas, 1999, The Environment: A Global Challenge. Air Pollution). Air pollution occurs in the atmosphere and can move easily from one location to another, it is a global concern. Air pollution is a problem both outdoors and inside homes. Chemicals There are seven main types of air pollutants according to a regulatory perspective. These are: particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, carbon oxides, hydrocarbons, ozone, and air toxics. Particulate matter is made of thousands of solid and liquid particles hanging in the atmosphere. Solid particulate matter is commonly known as dust; whereas as liquid articulate matter is known as mist. Particulate matter includes the following pollutants: soot, lead, asbestos, soil particles, sea salt, and sulfuric acid droplets. Nitrogen oxides are gases produced as a result of interaction between nitrogen and oxygen involves a supply of energy such as combustion of fuels resulting in high temperatures. Sulfur oxides are gases. These gases are a result of a chemical interaction between sulfur and oxygen. When combined with water, the result is sulfuric acid. Carbon oxides consist of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Carbon monoxide has no color, smell, or taste and is second as an air pollutant only to carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is also does not have color, smell, or taste and is a greenhouse gas. Hydrocarbons consist are a varied collection of organic compounds including hydrogen and carbon. Small hydrogen molecules are gaseous at room temperature. Hydrocarbons include methane (colorless and odorless gas principally included in natural gas), benzene (which is a liquid at room temperature), and paraffin (which is a solid at room temperature). Ozone is a form of oxygen that is a pollutant in one area of the atmosphere but essential in another area of the atmosphere. Hazardous air pollutants (HAPS) consist of hundreds of other air pollutants such as chlorine, lead, hydrochloric acid, formaldehyde, radioactive substances, and fluorides. Humans Many chemicals that cause air pollution exist naturally in our world. These chemicals are harmful in both their natural form; however, become even more harmful when burned by humans for fuel, heat, or electricity. The two main causes of air pollutants in urban areas are transportation and fuel combustion from stationary sources. The stationary sources are heating and cooling for buildings and coal-burning power plants. Vehicles such as cars, trains, heavy-duty trucks, and airplanes, produce high amounts of carbon dioxide while fuel combustion produces high amounts of sulfur dioxide. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) â€Å"are man-made compounds that were originally developed in 1930 as a safer alternative to the refrigerants then in use such as sulfur dioxide and ammonia.