Standard Based Grading Measures Student Skills

What does an A on a test or quiz mean to a student? Mastery of skill or mastery of information or content?  Does an F grade mean a student understands none of the material or less than 60% of the material? How is grading used as feedback for academic performance? Currently, in most middle and high schools (grades 7-12), students receive letter grades or numerical grades in subject areas based on points or percentages. These letter or numerical grades are tied to credits for graduation based on Carnegie units, or the number of  hours of contact time with an instructor.   But what does 75% grade on a math assessment tell a student about his or her specific strengths or weaknesses? What  does a B- grade on a literary analysis essay inform a student about how he or she meets skills sets in organization, content, or conventions of writing?   In contrast to letters or percentages, many elementary and intermediate schools have adopted a standards-based grading system, one that uses a 1-to-4 scale. This 1-4 scale breaks down academic subjects into specific skills needed for a content area.  While these elementary and intermediate schools use standards-based grading may vary in their report card terminology, the most common four-part scale denotes a students level of achievement with descriptors such as: Excels or above grade level (4)Proficient or at grade level (3)Approaching proficiency or approaching grade level (2)Well below proficiency or below grade level (1) A standards-based grading system may be called  competency-based,  mastery-based,  outcome-based,  performance-based, or proficiency-based. Regardless of the name used, this form of a grading system is  aligned to the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) in English Language Arts and Literacy and in Math, which was established in 2009 and adopted by 42 out of 50 states. Since this adoption, several states have withdrawn from using CCSS in favor of developing their own academic standards. These CCSS standards for literacy and for math were organized in a framework that details specific skills for each grade level in grades K-12. These standards serve as guides for administrators and teachers to develop and implement the curriculum. Each skill in the CCSS has a separate standard, with skill progressions tied to grade levels. Despite the word standard in the CCSS, standards-based grading at the upper-grade levels, grades 7-12, has not been universally adopted. Instead, there is ongoing traditional grading at this level, and most middle and high school use letter grades or percentages based on 100 points. Here is the traditional grade conversion chart: Letter Grade Percentile Standard GPA A+ 97-100 4.0 A 93-96 4.0 A- 90-92 3.7 B+ 87-89 3.3 B 83-86 3.0 B- 80-82 2.7 C+ 77-79 2.3 C 73-76 2.0 C- 70-72 1.7 D+ 67-69 1.3 D 65-66 1.0 F Below 65 0.0 The skill sets outlined in the CCSS for literacy and math can be easily converted  to four point scales, just as they are at the K-6 grade levels. For example, the first reading standard for grade 9-10 states that a student should be able to: CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RL.9-10.1Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text. Under a traditional grading system with letter grades (A-to-F) or percentages, a score on this reading standard may be difficult to interpret. Advocates of standard based grading will ask, for example, what a score of B or 88% tells a student. This letter grade or percentage is less informative about a student’s skill performance and/or subject mastery.  Instead, they argue, a standards-based system would singularly assess a students skill to cite textual evidence for any content area: English, social studies, science, etc. Under a standards-based assessment system, students could be assessed on their skill to cite using a 1-to-4 scale that featured the following descriptors:   Score 4: excels in citing  strong and thorough textual evidence -explicit and inferential OR needs no support;Score 3:  proficient at  citing  strong and thorough textual evidence -explicit and inferential  OR needs minimal support;Score 2:  approaching proficiency at citing  strong and thorough textual evidence -explicit and inferential OR needs moderate support;Score 1:  below proficiency at citing  strong and thorough textual evidence -explicit and inferential OR needs extensive support and/or reteaching. Assessing students on a 1-4 scale  on a particular skill  can provide clear and specific feedback to a student. A standard by standard assessment separates and detail the skills, perhaps on a rubric.  This is less confusing or overwhelming to a student when compared to a combined skills percentage score on 100 point scale. A conversion chart that compares  a traditional grading of an assessment to standards-based graded assessment would look like the following: Letter Grade Standards-Based grade Percentage grade Standard GPA A to A+ Mastery 93-100 4.0 A- to B Proficient 90-83 3.0 to 3.7 C to B- Approaching proficiency 73-82 2.0-2.7 D to C- Below Proficiency 65-72 1.0-1.7 F Below Proficiency Below 65 0.0 Standards-based grading  also allows teachers, students,  and parents to see a grade report that lists overall levels of proficiency on separate skills instead of composite or combined skill scores. With this information, students are better informed in their individual strengths and in their weaknesses as  a standards-based score highlights the skill set(s) or content that need(s) improvement and allows them to target areas for improvement. Furthermore, students would not need to re-do all of a test or assignment if they have demonstrated mastery in some areas. An advocate for standards-based grading is educator and researcher Ken OConnor. In  his chapter,  The Last Frontier: Tackling the Grading Dilemma, in Ahead of the Curve: The Power of Assessment to Transform Teaching and Learning, he notes: Traditional grading practices have promoted the idea of uniformity. The way we are fair is we expect all students do to the same thing in the same amount of time in the same way. We need to move†¦ to the idea that fairness is not uniformity. Fairness is equity of opportunity (p128). OConnor argues that standards-based grading allows for grading differentiation because it  is flexible and can be adjusted up and down as students confront new skills and content. Moreover, no matter where students are in a quarter or semester, a standard based grading system provides students, parents, or other stakeholders an assessment of student understanding in real time. That kind of student understanding may  take place during conferences, such as the ones Jeanetta Jones Miller explained in her article  A Better Grading System: Standards-Based, Student-Centered Assessment in the September 2013 edition of the English Journal. In her description of how standard based grading informs her instruction, Miller writes that it’s important to set up appointments to confer with each student about progress toward mastery of course standards. During the conference, each student receives individual feedback on his or her performance in meeting one or more standards in a content area:   The evaluation conference provides an opportunity for the teacher to make it clear that the student’s strengths and areas for growth are understood and the teacher is proud of the student’s efforts to master the standards that are most challenging. Another benefit to standardized based grading is the separation  of student work habits that are often combined in a grade. At the secondary level, a point penalty for late papers missed homework, and/or uncooperative collaborative behavior is sometimes included in a grade. While these unfortunate social behaviors will not stop with the use of standards-based grading, they may be isolated and given as separate scores  into another category. Of course, deadlines are important, but factoring in behaviors such as turning an assignment in on time or not has the effect of watering down an overall grade. To counter such behaviors, it may be possible to have a student turn in an assignment that still meets a mastery standard but does not meet a set deadline. For example, an essay assignment may still achieve a 4 or exemplary score on skills or content, but the academic behavior skill in turning in a late paper may receive a 1 or below proficiency score. Separating behavior from skills also has the effect of preventing students from receiving the kind of credit that simply completing work and meeting deadlines has had in distorting measures of academic skill.   There are, however, many educators, teachers and administrators alike, who do not see advantages to adopting a standards-based grading system at the secondary level. Their arguments against standards-based grading primarily reflect concerns at the instructional level. They stress that the  transition to a standards-based grading system, even if the school is from one of the 42 states using the CCSS, will require teachers to spend immeasurable amounts of time on extra planning, preparation, and training. In addition, any statewide initiative to move to standards-based learning may be difficult to fund and manage. These concerns may be a reason enough not to adopt standards-based grading. Classroom time can also be a concern for teachers when  students do not reach proficiency on a skill. These students will need reteaching and reassessment placing another demand on curriculum pacing guides. While this reteaching and reassessment by skill does create  additional work for classroom teachers, however, advocates for  standards-based grading note that this process may help teachers to refine their instruction. Rather than add to continuing student confusion or misunderstanding, reteaching may improve later understanding. Perhaps the strongest objection to standards-based grading is based on the concern that standards-based grading might put high school students at a disadvantage when applying to college. Many stakeholders -parents, students teachers, guidance counselors, school administrators-believe that college admissions officers will only evaluate students based on their letter grades or GPA, and that GPA must be in numerical form. Ken OConnor disputes that concern suggesting that secondary schools are in the position to issue both traditional letter or numerical grades and standards-based grades at the same time. â€Å"I think it’s unrealistic in most places to suggest that (GPA or letter grades) are going to go away at the high school level,† O’Connor agrees, but the basis for determining these might be different. He proposes that schools might base their letter-grade system on the percentage of grade-level standards a student meets in that particular subject and that schools can set their own standards based on GPA correlation.   Renowned author and education consultant Jay McTighe  agrees with OConnor, â€Å"You can have letter grades and standards-based grading as long as you clearly define what those (letter-grade) levels mean.† Other concerns are that standards-based grading can mean the loss of class ranking or honor rolls and academic honors. But OConnor points out that high schools and universities confer degrees with highest honors, high honors, and honors and that ranking students to the hundredth of a decimal may not be the best way to prove academic superiority. Several New England states will be at the forefront of this restructuring of grading systems. An article in  The  New England Journal of Higher Education Titled directly addressed the question of college admissions with standard based grading transcripts. The states of Maine, Vermont, and New Hampshire have all passed legislation to implement proficiency or standards-based grading in their secondary schools.   In support of this initiative, a study in Maine titled Implementation of a Proficiency-Based Diploma System: Early Experiences in Maine  Ã‚  (2014) by Erika K. Stump and David L. Silvernail used a  two-phase, qualitative approach in their research and found: ...that benefits [of proficiency grading] include improved student engagement, greater attention to development of robust interventions systems and more deliberate collective and collaborative professional work. Maine schools are expected to establish a proficiency-based diploma system by 2018. The New England Board of Higher Education (NEBHE) and the New England Secondary School Consortium (NESSC) met in 2016 with admissions leaders from highly selective New England colleges and universities and discussion was the subject of an article How Selective Colleges and Universities Evaluate Proficiency-Based High School Transcripts (April 2016) by Erika  Blauth and Sarah Hadjian. The discussion revealed that college admissions officers are less concerned with grade percentages  and more concerned that grades must always be based on clearly specified learning criteria.  They also noted that: Overwhelmingly, these admissions leaders indicate that students with proficiency-based transcripts will not be disadvantaged in the highly selective admissions process. Moreover, according to some admissions leaders, features of the proficiency-based transcript model shared with the group provide important information for institutions seeking not just high-performing academics, but engaged, lifelong learners. A review of the information on standards-based grading at the secondary level shows that implementation will require careful planning, dedication, and follow through for all stakeholders. The benefits for students, however, could be worth the considerable effort.

Reflection On Human Development Late Adulthood - 1264 Words

Reflection on Human Development: Late Adulthood The human lifespan concludes with the late adulthood phase, in which adults 65 and older experience transitions that interconnect with one’s physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development. Due to the uncertainty and variability of how long an individual can live for, there are disparities amid defining late adulthood. Contemporary researchers divided aging into three categories: young old (65-74), old old (75-84), and oldest old (85 and above) (Papalia Martorell, 2014). Another method of classifying age is measuring one’s functional age, which refers to how well the individual can function physically in his/her environment (Papalia Martorell, 2014). Brain deterioration can be a†¦show more content†¦Even though wisdom is not limited to late adulthood, researchers indicate that life experiences are associated with this cognitive ability, which explains the perception that older adults are wise (Papalia Martorell, 2014). In Erikson’s ego integrity versus despair stage, one gains the virtue of wisdom if he/she successfully achieves ego integrity. In other words, an older adult must acknowledge everything he/she has accomplished in life and admit the things his/she missed out on. The challenge is to accept one’s life the way it is and consider the inevitable death. If one is not able to attain that level of awareness and continue his/her legacy by giving back to his/her community, the individual may live the rest of his/her life in despair (Papalia Martorell, 2014). It is integral to assess different coping mechanisms because in late adulthood because chronic stress hinders one’s ability to fight off illnesses (Papalia Martorell, 2014). According to the cognitive-appraisal model, individuals tackle stressful situations in two different ways, through problem-focused coping or emotional-focused coping. 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The ideas of Erikson were heavily influenced by an Austrian psychologist Sigmund Freud, who also analyzed the human psychological development and identified psychosexual stages of development. However, Erikson did not emphasize the predominant role of sexual development in psychological development. He argued that the role of culture and society on a human was the most significantRead MoreErikson s View Identity And Role Confusion1294 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Unlike previous theoretical framework for human development, Erickson went a step further to include the lifespan following adolescence. These three additional stages include the ages of early adulthood through old age (Robbins, Chatterjee, Canada, 2012).These additional stages follow his ideaology that focuses on the Ego rather than the Id and libidinal drives that Freud emphasized. Each stage continues to require a conflict resolution in order to successfully complete it. The finalRead MoreErikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development1317 Words   |  6 PagesMy Reflection of Erikson Erik Erikson was a developmental psychologist known for his theory of psychosocial development. Unlike other theorists of his time Erikson’s theory focused on human development across the lifespan from birth to late adulthood. Erikson believed that development change occurs throughout our lives in eight distinctive stages that emerge in a fixed pattern and are similar for all people. Erikson argued that each stage presents a crisis or conflict which results in either a positive

Mental Health Nursing for Bipolar Patient

Question: Discuss about the Mental Health Nursing for Bipolar Patient. Answer: Mood swings is one of the major symptoms of bipolar. It mainly involves rapid change of moods and at extreme causing depression. Moods is usually marked y extreme change in mood swings, behavior and energy (Clarke, Walsh,2009). In most cases, this is commonly referred to as bipolar as the patient moods can rapidly alternate between the poles of depression and mania. This change in mood can last for hours, days or even months at extreme conditions (Morrissey, Callaghan,2011). From the case study, we are told that when interviewed, her mood becomes elevated and labile. We are told that Ellen has periods of increased irritability. Thought of content usually describes what a bipolar patient is thinking about or what the patient is obsessed with. It includes the presence or the absence of delusions homicidal and suicidal ideas and also obsession thinking (Downes, 2008). The patient may also become commanding and its import and to understand what the patient can do in response to these demanding hallucinations. Its also important to determine if the patient gets special information from the television. In our case, we are told that Ellen refuses to get out of the club. She also spend huge amount of her money on cigarettes, brandy and items that are advertised on TV shopping channel. Thought form can be defined as the thought process being experienced by a bipolar patient. This can be based on the relevance of the patience conversation, flight of ideas and thoughts, tangential and extreme irrelevance. In establishing thought from, it is important to note if the patient is deviating from the topic of discussion and also inquire if the patient knows about the date (Clarke, Walsh,2009). In our case study, we are told that Ellen is experiencing flights in ideas as her thoughts keeps shifting from topic to topic. Ellen does not have the sense of time and date. These are clear indications of mental disorder. Insight is the asses to whether the patient is suffering. To assess this, the patient may be asked if she needs help or whether they feel that the conditions they are in are normal. The character exhibited by the patient towards the medical practitioners is also important in establishment of this disorder (Lippincott, Wilkins, 2006). Ellen has portrayed all the above symptoms. She seems to be over familiar towards the male staff in the clinic. She denies to be suffering from any sort of perpetual disturbances. The assessment conducted on her also indicates limited insight to her illness as she states there is nothing wrong with me Some of the risk factors associated with mental disorder include; the biological risk factors. Evidence has proved that there is a great genetic association between genetics and mental disorder especially Alzheimer disease (AD). It has been proved that ad can take different forms but it is not in all cases that AD can be merited (Downes, 2008). The second risk factor is the psychosocial and other protective factors. These factors include; smoking. Studies have established a very close relationship between smoking and mental disorder. The nicotine found in tobacco is an active agent that binds the acetylcholine receptors (Lippincott, Wilkins, 2006). Environmental triggers are also a risk factor that is associated with mental disorder. The environmental toxins and viruses have been proved to be a major factor that causes the AD (Varcarolis, Halter, Varcarolis, 2010). Despite this, the evidence of these hypotheses has not been strongly established but it is evident that aggressive env ironmental conditions are a major risk factor to AD (Clarke, Walsh, 2009). The nursing priorities taken in mental disorder involves a five part decision making procedure. These procedures are used in patient identification and treatment. They include; assessment, planning, diagnosis evaluation and intervention (Morrissey, Callaghan, 2011). This process requires interaction and collaboration between a team of professionals, the society, the family and the patient so as to ease and improve the quality of treatment. Assessment: This is considered to be the first step in offering care. It involves data collection regarding the patient through assessment interviews and telecommunications. The interview is usually modified to match the circumstances faced by the patient and also the patients cognitive ability (Morrissey, Callaghan, 2011). Interview: This is mainly doe in order to assess the physical and the mental status of the patient at this stage, there is advanced data collection from both the patient and the family members and other health care providers where the patient may have previously looked for treatment (Lippincott, Wilkins, 2006). The medical practitioners may also seek other influencing factors and develop a suitable framework that will be used in interview. Planning: After the patient is assessed and interviewed and all the necessary information obtained, the patient is then asked to set the goals and the outcomes that he or she desires (Morrissey, Keogh, Doyle, 2008). These goals should be feasible. The psychiatrists will then decide the best method that can be followed to achieve these goals depending on the nature, conditions and settings of the patient. Intervention: These are the actions taken by the healthcares practitioners to ensure that the stipulated goals and outcomes are achieved (Townsend, 2014). The actions of the practitioners will be based on their clinical knowledge and skills, judgment and their professionalism on how intervene on the patients personal crisis (Lippincott, Wilkins, 2006). This may include the administration of appropriate medication, therapy, emotional support and privacy provision among others. Evaluation: The effectiveness of the intervention took by the medical practitioners is usually examined by the outcomes obtained (Clarke, Walsh, 2009). In cases where the set goals and outcomes are not achieved, the crisis is resolved and the patient is returned to the intervention procedure for further check by the psychiatrist until the result is obtained (Morrissey, Keogh, Doyle, 2008). The main purpose of the principles of mental health nursing is to ensure that the health care services provided to patients with mental health disorder are delivered in a way that supports the patients recovery (Downes, 2008). These principles include; Uniqueness of the patient-this encourages the patient to understand that they are at the center of the treatment. Real choice- this helps in supporting patients to acquire inbuilt strengths and ensures that the patients take responsibilities of their lives as much as they can. Attitude and rights-it helps in instilling hope to the patients future and enables them to lead a meaningful life. Dignity and respect- it helps in challenging discrimination towards the patients. Communication and partnership-instills the values of sharing information and the importance of effective communication. Reference Clarke, V., Walsh, A. (2009). Fundamentals of mental health nursing. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Downes, S. (2008, February 08). Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/evolutionary-psychology/ Lippincott Williams Wilkins., Books@Ovid., Electronic Books Collection. (2006). Straight A's in psychiatric mental health nursing. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Morrissey, J., Callaghan, P. (2011). Communication skills for mental health nurses. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Morrissey, J., Keogh, B., Doyle, L. (2008). Psychiatric/ mental health nursing: An Irish perspective. Dublin: Gill Macmillan. Townsend, M. (2014). Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing: Concepts of Care in Evidence-Based Practice. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company. United Nations; Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.World Population Prospects: the 2008 revision [Internet]. New York; 2009[cited 2012 May 20]. Available from: https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_highlights. Varcarolis, E. M., Halter, M. J., Varcarolis, E. M. (2010). Foundations of psychiatric mental health nursing: A clinical approach. St. Louis, Mo: Saunders/Elsevier.

Music Technology Modern Society free essay sample

I am going to talk about how specific aspects of hip hop have evolved with technology from the period of the sasss up to present time. Hip Hop recordings during the asss mostly consisted of PA system recordings from parties where rappers would perform, and also Dos who used to create the very first mistakes with different artists featuring on them. This was usually recorded on a turntable with a standard dynamic microphone which created the raw old school Hip Hop sound people hear it as today. Cassette recordings were highly popular during the asss before digital tape recorders came the standard use during the asss.This creates a huge contrast between Hip Hop today as it Is now as easy as to ring an engineer and book studio time to have high quality sound recordings created within 30 minutes. This Is due to the technological advancements not only in Hip Hop, but music Itself through the use of electronic software recordings and other equipment and sound effects that are easily used through the software. We will write a custom essay sample on Music Technology Modern Society or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Software such as Logic, Pro Tools and Scubas have almost completely replaced all other styles of recording due to the efficiency of them.Hip Hop production has also changed a vast amount due to the software that is now available to everyone and anyone. In the old school days of Hip Hop, instrumentals were mostly created using hardware and live recordings of instruments using analogue synthesizers and drum machines, whereas now all it takes is to download a program and you can create a simple sequence using default sounds within minutes. I think this has created a pollution type of affect on this genre as there is a lot of bad quality sounding Hip Hop not only on the Internet but radio stations etc. ICC drowns out the sound of the original sampled Jazz, funk and skilled lyricism which was originally Intended for Hip Hop. The advancements of software has not only changed the way Hip Hop is created but the way that it is distributed, bought and listened to. For example, you can turn on your computer and search for your favorite artists and be able to stream their latest music straight to your ears rather than having to go to a record store to buy or listen to an album. You could also go straight onto tunes or any other online music stepsisters and buy the album outright online.The development of the Internet has also created a whole new lane for upcoming artists who are not signed to record labels as you can put projects out on the Internet for free Vela websites such as youth, concluded or bandanna which Is a major factor to boosting your popularity and getting your music known by people not only in your local city but all over the world. Music Technology Modern Society By penmanships This creates a huge contrast between Hip Hop today as it is now as easy as to ring an 0 minutes.This is due to the technological advancements not only in Hip Hop, but music itself through the use of electronic software recordings and other equipment qua lity sounding Hip Hop not only on the internet but radio stations etc.

Free Essays on The Effects Of Media Violence On Young Children

The Effects of Media Violence on Young Children Abstract- The portrayal of violence in the media has an effect on all who witness it. This effect can especially be seen in young children, as they may be the more likely to witness violence through their specified programming. While the number of violent acts in children’s programming has increased in recent years, most research suggests that, past a certain age, children are not likely to engage in violent or imitative acts themselves as a result of this programming. The psychological development necessary for this stage includes the ability to distinguish between reality and fantasy as well as the development of a conscience and awareness for others’ feelings (or empathy). Although the violence portrayed in the media has specific effects on young children, these effects may be controlled and often do not lead to actual violent behavior. Introduction- Witnessing violence can be a traumatic event for anyone to endure. These effects may occur whether or not the event witnessed is actually occurring. Media violence has been an issue in American society since the Vietnam War, when the media as well as the government had to decide how much of the combat footage would be broadcast. Violence portrayed by the media for creative or informative purposes can have devastating effects on those watching. Research indicates that there may be a connection between media violence and teenage aggression, suggesting parental controls on television viewing among these groups (Whitfield, 2002). The effects of violent programming are especially significant in young children who have not yet fully developed the skills for discerning fiction from reality. Although violence in the media has an effect on young children, these negative effects can be eliminated once the child reaches a particular age. Literature Review- Violence portrayed in the media encompasses the areas of television, movie... Free Essays on The Effects Of Media Violence On Young Children Free Essays on The Effects Of Media Violence On Young Children The Effects of Media Violence on Young Children Abstract- The portrayal of violence in the media has an effect on all who witness it. This effect can especially be seen in young children, as they may be the more likely to witness violence through their specified programming. While the number of violent acts in children’s programming has increased in recent years, most research suggests that, past a certain age, children are not likely to engage in violent or imitative acts themselves as a result of this programming. The psychological development necessary for this stage includes the ability to distinguish between reality and fantasy as well as the development of a conscience and awareness for others’ feelings (or empathy). Although the violence portrayed in the media has specific effects on young children, these effects may be controlled and often do not lead to actual violent behavior. Introduction- Witnessing violence can be a traumatic event for anyone to endure. These effects may occur whether or not the event witnessed is actually occurring. Media violence has been an issue in American society since the Vietnam War, when the media as well as the government had to decide how much of the combat footage would be broadcast. Violence portrayed by the media for creative or informative purposes can have devastating effects on those watching. Research indicates that there may be a connection between media violence and teenage aggression, suggesting parental controls on television viewing among these groups (Whitfield, 2002). The effects of violent programming are especially significant in young children who have not yet fully developed the skills for discerning fiction from reality. Although violence in the media has an effect on young children, these negative effects can be eliminated once the child reaches a particular age. Literature Review- Violence portrayed in the media encompasses the areas of television, movie...

Hamlet vs. Beowulf Essay Essays

Hamlet vs. Beowulf Essay Essays Hamlet vs. Beowulf Essay Essay Hamlet vs. Beowulf Essay Essay How make the supporters from Beowulf and Hamlet compare? Though both play a major function in an heroic narrative. they portion a few common point of views. The result of both narratives is greatly influenced by the chief character’s battles in life. The state of affairss that occur throughout these narratives besides impact the narrations. In add-on. the assorted characters in each work influence the protagonists’ picks and lives. Each is involved in subjects which can easy associate to those of modern twenty-four hours society. although Beowulf and Hamlet live in wholly different times. Beowulf is the ideal warrior ; he is a strong. fearless combatant and a antic leader who goes to immutable extremes to protect his people. When his state is threatened by what is thought to be an undefeatable animal named Grendel. Beowulf does the impossible and slays the monster. Hamlet. on the other manus. is non a leader like Beowulf whatsoever. Hamlet is non even a male monarch or recognized as a leader. Hamlet’s male parent was murdered. and afterwards he merely wants to travel back to school to larn. It is non until much idea and readying that he makes it his mission to hold his father’s retaliation. If Beowulf was placed in the same state of affairs. he would hold immediately killed the adult male responsible for the slaying. : From the beginning of this heroic poem verse form. Beowulf is non loved as a kid and is told he will neer be a leader. therefore giving him the motive to go one of the greatest warriors of all time. His lone fright is failure. in conflict and as a leader. He takes on such a big function as a warrior that his fellow countrymen do non see the demand to of all time fix to contend because Beowulf is all the warrior they need. This ultimately consequences in much hurting and battle when Beowulf finds himself in demand of aid. Hamlet is every bit much of an introvert as Beowulf is an extravert. Hamlet prefers to analyze alternatively of battle and learn over conflict. Hamlet’s parents love him. but his female parent is a shallow adult female who marries his uncle entirely to stay in a topographic point of power. Horatio and Hamlet keep an uneven relationship- Horatio is Hamlet’s retainer. yet he is a close friend of Hamlet’s. There are many major events in both of these narrations. but one in each stands out. In Beowulf. at the beginning of the novel he is crowned king and viewed as the leader of all. This is a major event because it puts Beowulf in a place of undivided power which seems to finally travel to his caput. Though he is an unbelievable leader. he believes that he does non and neer will necessitate any aid. which ends up being fatal. In his concluding minutes. Beowulf exclaims â€Å"To the everlasting Lord of All. to the King of Glory. I give thanks that I behold this hoarded wealth here in forepart of me. that I have been allowed to go forth my people so good endowed on the twenty-four hours I die† ( Beowulf. page 189 ) . A major turning point in Hamlet is the scene where Hamlet speaks with his father’s shade. Up until this point in the drama. Hamlet seems at easiness with his father’s decease. but after he converses with the shade he becomes ridden with retaliation. This flood tide turns the full context of the drama from Hamlet wishing to go to school to Hamlet seeking retaliation on his uncle which. likewise to Beowulf. leads to his decease. Beowulf’s character is instead luxuriant. At the beginning of the book. it is said â€Å"a boy-child was born to Shield. a greenhorn in the pace. a comfort sent by God to the nation† ( Beowulf. page 3 ) . From the beginning. Beowulf is made out to be an undefeatable hero who will halt at nil to protect his people from danger. It is easy to associate to Beowulf in the sense that he will ever lift to people’s outlooks and go on to transcend them. as supported by the text â€Å"then Halfdane’s boy presented Beowulf with a gilded criterion as a triumph gift†¦with customary grace bestowed upon Beowulf both sets of gifts† ( Beowulf. page 69 ) . But it finally comes to a point where he merely can non run into the outlooks and is left dumfounded. As Grendel’s female parent returns to take her son’s claw. she is frightened as â€Å"The hell-dam was in terror. desperate to acquire out. in mortal panic the minute she was found. she had pounced and taken one of the considerations in a tight clasp. so headed for the fen† ( Beowulf. page 91 ) . Even though the monster is scared and running off. Beowulf. merely out of pride. follows her to her place to conflict. Hamlet has no leading desire at the beginning of the drama. He merely wants to analyze and larn while his pa regulations the state. Then Claudius. his uncle. slayings his pa and after an brush with his father’s shade. Hamlet’s personality alterations ; he becomes obsessed with damages. This makes sense because choler is one of the strongest human emotions. It is an self-evident emotion. referred to as â€Å"one of the seven lifelessly wickednesss. † For Hamlet. this becomes a world as acquiring retaliation finally leads to his ain decease. A really popular quotation mark. â€Å"More than kin. less than kind† ( Hamlet. page 3 ) was originated in Hamlet when he mumbled it to his uncle. who becomes his stepfather. Beowulf and Hamlet. though composed by different writers and written in different signifiers. have battles which parallel many in the universe today. Both of the heroes are affected by emotions. the people around them. and the events that occur throughout each work. Beowulf lives in a really violent society where flagitious force is the norm ; this compares to certain parts of the universe today. such as the Mideast. He besides exemplifies the good in good versus immorality which most of the modern universe still deals with today. Beowulf fought against monsters whereas people today fight against disease and terrorist act. Hamlet’s compulsion with retaliation is non different from many populating today. Although Christians are meant to forgive their neighbours. many find this hard. We are supposed to larn from history. nevertheless. the past seems to reiterate itself more frequently than non. Even though Hamlet and Beowulf live in different epochs. their conflicts with force. good versus immorality. and retaliation still keep true today.

Copyright and Creativity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Copyright and Creativity - Essay Example It is purported that copyright primarily serves the end of encouraging creativity, because of the inspiration it provides to authors/writers/creators and would-be authors/writers/creators that will see creativity as an opportunity to gain economic advantage as well as an acknowledgment of their talent. This claim, however, is being contested by those who argue that artists have been churning out great works of arts for centuries without the benefit of copyright protection. Worse, there are those who perceive copyright protection as an unwitting tool for stifling creativity as illustrated by recent cases where works have been prohibited from seeing publication on the ground that they infringe the copyright law. The question that is being contemplated by this paper, therefore, is whether or not copyright protection encourages or stifles artistic creativity. Background The US Copyright Law has its roots in the 1710, Statute of Anne, an English law that ended the monopoly of the Statione r’s Company by vesting exclusive right of books to their authors for fourteen years, subject to renewal. After the American Revolution in the 18th century, several states their own copyright laws that took after the Statute of Anne, but the Constitutional Convention decided that a unifying law on copyright should be enacted nationally and thus, attached a clause mandating such passage in Article 1 of the proposed Constitution. The subsequent Copyright Act of 1970 copied the 14-year period of exclusive right to authors renewable for another 14 years and was made applicable solely to books, maps and maritime charts. Eventually, however, the US copyright law was broadened to cover other original works as well. In the Copyright Act of 1909, the coverage of the grant extended to all written works not only in the US but to various written foreign works as well. In addition, it extended the period of the exclusive right to 28 years, which is renewable for another 28 years. The next copyright law, i.e. Copyright Act of 1976 is the precursor of the present US copyright law. This Act eliminated many of the earlier features as well as added new ones. For example, it established a single period of exclusive right for all kinds of works, which is the life of the author plus 50 years, dismissed the formalities and made the right applicable the very moment the work becomes a concrete medium of expression. 1 Before the present consolidated US copyright law came into being, the Copyright Act 1976 went through various amendments and supplementations. These include the following: the Audio Home Recording Act of 1992, which added copyright grant to digital audio recordings; the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998, which extended the exclusive right to 20 years, and; the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998, which deals with high-technology works. 2 Features of the Present US Copyright Law Under the present US Copyright Law, which is denominated as Title 17 of the United States Code, the exclusive rights to reproduce, prepare derivative works, distribute copies, perform, display publicly and use in a digital audio transmission of works, are granted only to their authors or creators.3 The copyright grant covers only 8 kinds of words, and their respective derivatives, namely: literary

Jean Watson's Theory of Caring Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Jean Watson's Theory of Caring - Essay Example In the modern days, caring science is a field of study that has many disciplines of study that includes nursing, feminist study, ecology, philosophy, arts and other humanities. Application of Jean Watson’s theory The Jean Watson’s theory has been applied in several ways as the literature in the theory suggests. The theory has been used in the creation of a humanistic system. These are values which develop at an early stage of the nurse. They can also develop as a result of sharing with parents and the people around him or her. Life experiences and personal exposure to the real world can also create these humanistic values in the life of a nurse. These experiences  have of great  necessity  in nurse’s maturation, this in return leads to the development of altruistic nature of the nurse towards other people (Watson, 1999). Hope and faith of nurses  are some of the traits that have been  greatly improved by the creation of this theory. Faith and hope are v ery essential character traits that every nurse should possess. The theory describes it to be of great importance for both carative as well as curative stages. When the doctor has no more to offer to the patient the nurse should use the faith and hope aspects to show a sense of recovery to the patient (Watson, 1999). The theory has also enabled the nurse to cultivate sensitivity to oneself and to his or her patients. If a nurse is willing to hold a genuine conversation between himself and the patient he needs to be in the same emotional state as the one with the patient. As the nurse becomes more sensitive he or she also develops an authentic value. This encourages the nurse in self growth as well as self-actualization to both the nurse and other people whom he or she interacts with. When a personal relationship  has been   developed, there is a higher level of functioning and also the promotion of health (Watson, 1999). The theory has been used in the creation of a helpful and trustful relationship. This can be described as the strongest tool in a relationship because it demonstrates caring for each other. The major characteristics that the nurse holds in order to develop this kind of relationship are warmth which is demonstrated towards the patient, empathy which shows that the nurse Cleary understands what the patient is going through and congruence. The nurse employs the use of both verbal and nonverbal methods to make the communication effective (Watson, 1999). The theory has also been used to improve the use scientific process as one way of solving problems. The design is very necessary in a nursing career as it is the most important decision making tool. The scientific method of solving problems is the only available method that enables prediction and control. The process also offers a room for self-correction. The theory has preferably described the caring science as one should not always be objective and neutral. The theory also promotes the learn ing and teaching role. This is vital because the nurse needs to focus on learning from others as well as teaching them (Watson, 1999). Framework of Jean Watson’s theory The theory describes the nursing process to be carried out in a number of steps. This will provide a platform for decision making in the workplace. The use of the theory will greatly help in solving problems in the structure. The first step in decision making is achieved by assessing the issue at hand. This can also be termed as the problem. The assessment of the problem is

Pollution Summary Essay Example for Free

Pollution Summary Essay What is Air Pollution? The air we breathe supplies the oxygen that sustains life. Humans need oxygen to survive, and plants and animals need oxygen to survive. Our air supply has become contaminated by human activity. We have created machinery that has produced smog and acid rain. We have created a green house effect and have made holes in our ozone layer. Each of these acts can cause serious health problems for humans and animals, and can cause grave harm to our vegetation and ecosystems. There are seven main types of air pollutants. Raven (2008) describes them as particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, hydrocarbons, ozone, air toxics, and carbon oxides. Particulate matter can come from dust, soil, soot, and asbestos Nitrogen oxides come from gasses that are produced by chemical interactions between atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen. Sulfur oxides come from chemical interactions between sulfur and oxygen. Hydrocarbons come from chemical interactions between hydrogen and carbon. Ozone comes in two forms; (1) oxygen’s reaction with UV radiation in the stratosphere and, (2) oxygen reaction in the troposphere what creates smog. Air toxics can be radioactive substances, fluorides, and hydrochloric acid, and carbon oxides are carbon monoxide and dioxide. Causes of Air Pollution Chemicals, human sources, and natural sources contribute to air pollution. Air pollution can be traced all the way back to Ancient Roman times. â€Å"Every day, the average person inhales about 20,000 liters of air. Every time we breathe, we risk inhaling dangerous chemicals that have found their way into the air. † (Caroline, David, Michael, Mindy, Neil, and Vikas, 1999, The Environment: A Global Challenge. Air Pollution). Air pollution occurs in the atmosphere and can move easily from one location to another, it is a global concern. Air pollution is a problem both outdoors and inside homes. Chemicals There are seven main types of air pollutants according to a regulatory perspective. These are: particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, carbon oxides, hydrocarbons, ozone, and air toxics. Particulate matter is made of thousands of solid and liquid particles hanging in the atmosphere. Solid particulate matter is commonly known as dust; whereas as liquid articulate matter is known as mist. Particulate matter includes the following pollutants: soot, lead, asbestos, soil particles, sea salt, and sulfuric acid droplets. Nitrogen oxides are gases produced as a result of interaction between nitrogen and oxygen involves a supply of energy such as combustion of fuels resulting in high temperatures. Sulfur oxides are gases. These gases are a result of a chemical interaction between sulfur and oxygen. When combined with water, the result is sulfuric acid. Carbon oxides consist of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Carbon monoxide has no color, smell, or taste and is second as an air pollutant only to carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is also does not have color, smell, or taste and is a greenhouse gas. Hydrocarbons consist are a varied collection of organic compounds including hydrogen and carbon. Small hydrogen molecules are gaseous at room temperature. Hydrocarbons include methane (colorless and odorless gas principally included in natural gas), benzene (which is a liquid at room temperature), and paraffin (which is a solid at room temperature). Ozone is a form of oxygen that is a pollutant in one area of the atmosphere but essential in another area of the atmosphere. Hazardous air pollutants (HAPS) consist of hundreds of other air pollutants such as chlorine, lead, hydrochloric acid, formaldehyde, radioactive substances, and fluorides. Humans Many chemicals that cause air pollution exist naturally in our world. These chemicals are harmful in both their natural form; however, become even more harmful when burned by humans for fuel, heat, or electricity. The two main causes of air pollutants in urban areas are transportation and fuel combustion from stationary sources. The stationary sources are heating and cooling for buildings and coal-burning power plants. Vehicles such as cars, trains, heavy-duty trucks, and airplanes, produce high amounts of carbon dioxide while fuel combustion produces high amounts of sulfur dioxide. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) â€Å"are man-made compounds that were originally developed in 1930 as a safer alternative to the refrigerants then in use such as sulfur dioxide and ammonia.

Creon as the Hero of Sophocles Antigone Essay examples -- Antigone es

Creon as the Hero of Antigone       The dilemma of identifying the true hero, or heroine, of Sophocles’ Antigone has tortured students for years. It is indeed a difficult decision to make. The basis for this decision is what the reader perceives to be Sophocles’ dramatic issue in this play. The dramatic issue of the play is twofold: Antigone is a fanatic who is driven by her religious fever to bury the body of her criminal brother, Polyneices, against the edict of Creon. In the second part, Sophocles shows how the new King Creon’s refusal to change his decision in the face of adversity is admirable, but at the same time his political morals end up destroying his family. His fall from grace is tragic, whereas Antigone's fall is welcome.   In this manner, Sophocles sympathizes with Creon, and thus he becomes the hero of the Antigone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Contrary to the belief of Jebb, a critic of Antigone, Antigone cannot be the heroine of Antigone. There are several reasons for this: she is a one-dimensional character who does not go through any development during the course of the play, her behavior is illogical and does not evoke a sense of pity from the audience nor the chorus, and her personal vendetta outshines her religious goal.   These same reasons are also basis for the dismissal of the claims of Hogan, another critic of Antigone who has Antigone and Creon as dual heroes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Antigone’s character does not evolve in the play. Jebb sees her as enthusiastic, "at once steadfast and passionate, for the right as she sees it- for the performance of her duty," and having an "intense tenderness, purity, and depth of domestic affection" (Jebb 1902 p.12); Calder and I disagree with this statement. Calder is a critic of the pla... ...is more likely the tragic hero of Antigone, rather than Antigone herself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At first glance, Sophocles’ Antigone seems to have two protagonists, Antigone and Creon. The hero cannot be Antigone because of her one-dimensional character, illogical behavior and lack of pitifulness. And upon closer inspection, it is revealed that Creon is indeed the tragic hero, through the fact that his original edict concerning the burial of Polyneices contained the means of Creon’s downfall. Works Cited Calder, William M. III (1968). Sophokles' Political Tragedy, Antigone. GRBS 9, 389-407. Hogan, James C. (1972). The Protagonists of the Antigone. Arethusa 5, 93-100. Sophocles (1902). Antigone (Richard Jebb, Trans.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sophocles (1991). Antigone (David Green, Trans.). Chicago: The Universiry of Chicago Press.   

Death of a Salesman & Brother Dear Comparison Essay

Throughout the constant journey of life you are often under pressure. There is pressure to satisfy, pressure you put on yourself and the pressure that other people put on you. Throughout the play Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller and the short story â€Å"Brother Dear† by Bernice Friesen, the characters find themselves facing these pressures on a daily basis. Both plotlines show how people can experience these pressures, for all different reasons, during various times in their life. In Death of a Salesman, Biff, a son of the main character, Willy, is struggling with the pressure to impress his father and satisfy him. Willy is constantly complaining about Biff, saying he is a bum and is not good. One day Biff decides he is going to try to go into business, just like his father, hoping to make Willy happy. He speaks to his mother about this, â€Å"It’s just-you see, Mom, I don’t fit in business. Not that I won’t try. I’ll try, and I’ll make good† (Miller 60). Biff knows that he will not be successful in the business world and that it is not for him, but he is going to try it anyways just so his Dad will be proud of him. The pressure to satisfy his father is so big that Biff is willing to do something he does not want to do just to make him happy. Similarly, in â€Å"Brother Dear† Greg is also under the pressure to satisfy his father. Greg wants to be a member of Green Peace, plant trees, and save the planet, while his father expects him to go to University, like his older brother, and make something of himself. His younger sister Sharlene explains, â€Å"He’s in pre-law at university, but his marks are crap. I think he went into law just because Dennis did and Dad hasn’t stopped sheering† (Friesen 3). Just like Biff, Greg is doing something he is uninterested in just to make his Dad happy and proud. Schneider 2 Coming to the end of Death of a Salesman, Biff finally, after all of the hurt and stress, puts some pressure on himself to confront his father. â€Å"I stole myself out of every good job since high school! † â€Å"And whose fault is that? † â€Å"And I never got anywhere because you blew me so full of hot air I could never stand taking orders from anybody! That’s whose fault it is! † (Miller 131) All of Biff’s pressure makes him blow and tell his father the truth about why he has never been successful. Greg’s father in â€Å"Brother Dear† is constantly putting pressure on Greg to do good in school and make something of himself. However Greg does not want to do what his Dad wants, but what he wants. Eventually, after years of pressure, Greg applies pressure onto himself to tell his father his real plans. He tells his Dad how he got a job planting trees for the summer, so he no longer has to pay his rent anymore. When his father questions how he will make enough money for rent and tuition Greg responds saying, â€Å"I’m not going back to school† (Friesen 4). Just like Biff, Greg makes himself confess and tell his father the truth about his life. Throughout Death of a Salesman, Willy Loman has a huge amount of pressure on him from his family and those around him. He has pressure from his wife to get money to pay bills, pressure from his sons to â€Å"get himself together† and pressure from hid friends to do better. All of this pressure makes Willy act crazy. One day, while he was asking a friend for a loan he states, â€Å"Funny y’know? After all the highways, and the trains, and the appointments, and the years, you end up worth more dead than alive† (Miller 98). Willy is implying the he in under so much pressure, he often wishes he were dead so he could be relieved. Schneider 3 In â€Å"Brother Dear†, Sharlene, Greg’s younger sister, is also feeling the pressure in her family to get an education and be something. Like Greg, she has dreams of her own. â€Å"†¦next year’s grade twelve, then it’s escape to the University of Alberta†¦Like Dad wants. I have dreams of running off to Europe for a couple of years, being a nanny and learning a language or two†¦I’ll tell Dad I’ll do the university thing when I get back. He’ll probably explode anyways† (Friesen 2). Sharlene is torn between following her dreams or doing as Daddy wants. Overall, throughout life you often have pressure put on you. The characters in both Death of a Salesman and â€Å"Brother Dear† are all under the pressure to satisfy, the pressure of themselves and the pressure of others. Whether the pressure be to get a job, go to school or be something, they all experience pressures throughout their journey of life.

Killing a whole family Essay

Rodolfo again faces Eddie’s angry side, which asks him to get out of his house. But Rodolfo has nothing to do with him and is more concerned of the arrival of Marco, which could lead to sparks flying between his brother and Eddie. He calls out to Catherine to leave now, while Beatrice suggests to Eddie to leave the house and go somewhere else. But Eddie refuses to move as this was his house, and now Beatrice is totally fed up with his behaviour and asks him that why he hates Marco now. Eddie refers to the time when Marco called him a rat and claimed that he had killed his children, which he says caused such hatred. Now Rodolfo tries to make things better by apologizing from his brother’s behalf and he takes all the troubles and brings up the comradeship. But Eddie still sticks with his claim that Marco stole his name and asks Rodolfo to tell him to give it back in front of the whole neighbourhood. Eddie feels that this explanation isn’t enough, now Beatrice can no longer hold the truth. She knows what Eddie wants, and in front of everyone and the arriving Marco, she says †you can never have her. † Beatrice asks Eddie to bid farewell to his niece forever, and that †truth is not as bad as blood. † Catherine is shocked, Eddie I horrified and †[clenching his fists]† he denies having such thoughts and asks Beatrice what made her think like that. Marco now calls out for Eddie and Eddie’s attention is diverted as he steps out of the apartment to challenge Marco. Rodolfo pleads them to stop and tells Eddie that he would be killing a whole family. But nothing can stop Eddie now and he has a murderous look and with a bit of fake laugher puts forward things that they have done wrong. He says that he knows that Marco feels that what h did wasn’t right and should apologize for taking his name away and accusing him for killing his children despite the fact that he put his roof over them and food in their mouths. He further provokes Marco by repeatedly calling him a liar and then they get physical as Eddie lunges at Marco. Marco strikes him in the neck and calls him a animal. Eddie goes down and when it seems Marco has full control of the situation, Eddie brings out a knife. Louis tries to stop Eddie, but Eddie is totally out of control and he lunges with his knife at Marco, who with a final cry of †Anima-a-a-l!  Ã¢â‚¬  grabs his arm and presses the blade into Eddie. Mike and Louis separate the pair, but time has run out for Eddie whose words to Beatrice were his last ever. Beatrice covers Eddie while people around are praying, lights shine on Alfieri who is in the crowd. So as the play has progressed, this dominant and generous hero of the play is made to seem like a selfish and rude villain, who’s immense love, narrow minded nature and feelings of insecurity have led to him falling into his own trap of death. I do indeed think that Eddie was responsible for his own death, and it was bound to happen as soon as he had made the phone call which in my view was the hubris, the point of no return. But just like Alfieri, the audience does tend to feel sorry for this hard-working man, who despite having displayed his generosity, his life had to end in this manner. His selfishness and his flaw, which was his immense love, ate him up, and he was always very stubborn to his decisions and never took advice from either Alfieri or Beatrice. His deterioration was clear and could be monitored as he first felt honoured to welcome the Italian brothers, then when they he entered he asked them when they would leave and towards the end asked them to get out of their house. When Alfieri says at the end of the play, †And yet it is better to settle for half†, he is trying to send a message that despite the fact that Eddie displayed honest emotions through out, he still never compromised with everyone because of his narrow-minded beliefs and that eventually cost him his life.

Philosophy of the Past and A Good Time in the Present

Philosophy of the Past and A Good Time in the Present Well, before I can start with the arguments of Hallowell and Porter, I have to summarize the reading so that it is understood what I summarized in my mind from the reading. I remember a couple different forms of thought being presented, the first of which was Epicureanism and the other was Stoicism. These were the two forms presented in reading that we are to write about.For all intensive purposes, to give a description of the two thoughts, Epicureanism was basically living with the absence of fear and lust, and accepting your role in life, by realizing that your life was predetermined and out of your control. The quicker a person could accept his role the happier and easier his life would be.As for Stoicism, there were multiple forms and transformations of Stoicism that were discussed in the reading, but the most basic ideal is that man must not concern himself long life, food, wealth, and power, but with the one thing that he can control, his emotions.Epicurus from GargittosControl of emotions and suppressing emotions lead to the transition from point to point more smoothly because God controls what happens in life, we control how we handle what happens emotionally.So, now that I have given a brief description of what the chapter was basically discussing, I will now discuss the author's views and arguments. It starts off with Epicureanism which was founded by Epicurus who was born an Athenian and opened a school in Athens which was secluded so that he and his followers could live away from the turmoil of the world around them. This is where it kind of begins to sound like what we would call a cult. He became a sort of divinity, almost like a god to his followers.Hallowell and Porter discussed...

Twilight by Stephenie Meyer - Book Review

Twilight by Stephenie Meyer - Book Review Theres a reason more than 10 million Twilight series books are in print. Twilight, the first in the series, is the addictive story of two teenagers –- Bella, a regular girl, and Edward, a perfect gentleman, and a vampire. This is the type of book you might read in just a few sittings, becoming engrossed in its fantastical world and oblivious to your physical surroundings. While not the next great thing in modern literature, its a fun book to get lost in and comes to an end much too quickly. Pros Highly entertaining, fast-paced story of romance and suspenseRelatively clean for a teenage vampire love storyThe concept of good vampires is unusual and intriguing Cons The writing can be clunky at timesEdwards perfection can be over-the-top, even for a fictitious super-humanAt times, Edward and Bellas relationship can seem more like that of a father and daughter Description Twilight by Stephenie Meyer was first published in October 2005.Publisher: Little, Brown512 Pages Twilight by Stephenie Meyer: Book Review Twilight is told by 17-year-old Bella Swan, who moves from Phoenix to the small town of Forks, Washington, to live with her dad for the remainder of high school. There, she meets Edward Cullen and his family, who possess an other-worldly and irresistible beauty and grace to which Bella is drawn. Twilight is the tale of Bella and Edwards burgeoning relationship, brimming with standard teenage drama alongside the unexpected, because, after all, Edward and his family are vampires. These undead friends have chosen to deny their urge to drink human blood, instead slaking their thirst with the blood of animals. Bella soon finds out, however, that not all vampires in her life are constrained by such scruples. The book has been praised for its treatment of sexuality and morality. Although theres plenty of yearning and sensuality, there is no sex, drinking, or drug use. Edward refuses Bellas desire to be turned into a vampire herself, on grounds that it wouldnt be the right thing to do. Twilight is an easy and enjoyable read. Its first-person viewpoint keeps the pages turning. This isnt a masterpiece of literary achievement, however. You have to take it for what it is –- a unique and entertaining, if not flawlessly written, story. Twilight will almost certainly appeal to teenage girls and many women of all ages, but probably not to the majority of males. Its sure to make readers eager to devour the next three novels.

Comparing Teacher Standards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comparing Teacher Standards - Essay Example Accesses students thinking and experiences as a basis for instructional activities by, for example, encouraging discussion, listening and responding to group interaction, and eliciting samples of student thinking orally and in writing. obtained advanced certification defined as a professional or permanent certificate, and if assigned to middle and secondary grades the teacher has completed at least 30 semester hours distributed across academic subject matter knowledge, teaching skills, and state academic content standards related to the teaching assignment; OR achieved 100 points on the Ohio Highly Qualified Teacher Rubric (The rubric credits a combination of teaching experience, coursework, professional development, professional activities, and awards. This rubric is still under development); OR Assesses individual and group performance in order to design instruction that meets learners current needs in each domain (cognitive, social, emotional, moral, and physical) and that leads to the next level of development. Understands and can identify differences in approaches to learning and performance, including different learning styles, multiple intelligences, and performance modes, and can design instruction that helps use students strengths as the basis for growth. Values on-going assessment as essential to the instructional process and recognizes that many different assessment strategies, accurately and systematically used, are necessary for monitoring and promoting student learning. Appropriately uses a variety of formal and informal assessment techniques (e.g. observation, portfolios of student work, teacher-made tests, performance tasks, projects, student self-assessments, peer assessment, and standardized tests) to enhance his or her knowledge of learners, evaluate students progress and performances, and modify teaching and learning strategies. 1. Have an individual professional development plan approved by the local

Analysis of Personal Finance Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Analysis of Personal Finance - Case Study Example    The Share Portfolio of Ms. Joan Watterson comprises of 2500 Telstra & 1000 AMP shares which she has been holding for more than a year. However, it may be noted that Ms. Watterson is not a very keen equity investor and these investments were accidental. The Capital gain that Ms. Watterson can earn (if these shares were sold now) is equivalent to $3000. Company Numbers of Shares Share Price (as on April 27, 2012) Value of Shares Telstra 2500 3.511 8775 AMP 1000 4.252 4250 All shares were bought and have been held for over one year. The total value of shares: $13025. Telstra paid a dividend worth 0.14 (both 100% franked)3 twice during the last one year, which is the period Ms. Watterson was holding its 2500 shares. During the same period, AMP paid a dividend worth 0.15 (30% franked) and 0.14 (50% franked)4. We can compute the franking credits for Joan Watterson as follows: Franking Credits = Dividend * (3 / 7) * Franking Percentage5 Franking credits for Telstra = $300 and Franking credits for AMP =30 + 19.28 = $49.28 Total Franking Credits = $349.28. 1.3. ... Disposable Income Value Notes Taxable Annual Salary $62000 Dividends received $990 2500 * 2 * 0.14 = $700 1000*0.14 + 1000*0.15=$290 Franking credits $349.28 Interest on cash 4% of $4444 4.25% of $4500 Balance in Holiday account- $4444 (puts in $200 per month at 4%). Balance in Common Wealth Bank (CBA) account- $4500 (interest rate 4.25%)6 Taxable Income $63025.19 Tax Payment $4650 + 0.3*(63025.19-37000) = 12457.55 For taxable income $37,001 - $80,000, the applicable tax is $4,650 plus 30c for each $1 over $37,0007 Disposable Income $50567.63 1.4. Total Expenses per annum Expenses Value per Year Notes Mortgage payment $9050 $7200 (actual fringe benefit per annum + additional $600 per month) Laundry $300 Food & grocery $8400 $700 per month Clothing & shoes $1000 Electricity & gas $660 $110 per two months Phone & Internet $1800 $150 per month Municipal Rates $1000 Water $600 Car Expense Licensing $500 Comprehensive insurance $500 Running cost & repair $2500 Car Loan 0 Medical expense $ 1200 $100 per month Holiday expense $ 5000 Entertainment $4800 $100 per week Gifts $1920 (of which $633.6 is tax deductable) $40 per week (33% of which is in donations to community aid and tax deductable) Other expenses $2400 $200 per month Superannuation Expense $1380 Additional contribution made into West State per month (from taxed income) Total Expenses $50,210  Ã‚  

Administrative Decision Making & The Constitution at Work Essay

Administrative Decision Making & The Constitution at Work - Essay Example Additionally, differences among administrative theory would tend to vary on matters between management and operation, for example, the difference between getting things done and doing things. However, no matter the number of evolving administrative theories, it is the same skill that is required universally; in the industry; government as well as home management (Kennedy and Shultz 2011). The policy/administration dichotomy was a leadership theory that was popular during the early years of public administration mostly due to business principles used in managing the government (Henry 1975). As years passed by, dichotomy requested for politics to be removed in the administration section of the government. This left politics to officials elected who make policy. In short, Reformers used the idea of policy/administration dichotomy to reform/ change the government structure particularly in both politicians and administrators. The dichotomy theory did not intend to threaten those in power because it ensured that politicians would make relevant policies and other related decisions whilst the administrator would be the person in charge of implementing the made policies. Political neutrality is vital because it enabled the different government officials that are the politicians and the administrators to stick to their roles and ensured that no role was duplicated. In the past , public administration performed in public organization which was only in the grounds of accounting instead of, the actual performance of implementing existing policies. Today, public administration role in decision making is an important role, particularly in the management of and, control of public bureaucracy (Kennedy and Shultz 2011). The six paradigms by Henry clearly illustrate how public administration has changed and become more defined over the years. The first paradigm is about

The roles of three different people at John Lewis in the Sales Department Essay Example for Free

The roles of three different people at John Lewis in the Sales Department Essay We asked the Caroline ODonovan the Human Resources Training Manager to tell us about three different jobs in the same department. Here is the information she gave us. John Lewis is run on certain Principles that all staff have to keep to: * By a clear understanding of what the employer expect of them and what there duties are. * commutate clearly and regularly to ovoid misunderstandings. * Know they rites and responsibilities within the business this is what they are entitled to and what they must take responsibility for. Purpose The Partnerships ultimate purpose is the happiness of all its members, through their worthwhile and satisfying employment in a successful business. Because the Partnership is owned in trust for its members, they share the responsibilities of ownership as well as its rewards profit, knowledge and power. Power Power in the Partnership is shared between three governing authorities, the Central Council, the Central Board and the Chairman. Profit The Partnership aims to make sufficient profit from its trading operations to sustain its commercial vitality, to finance its continued development and to distribute a share of those profits each year to its members, and to enable it to undertake other activities consistent with its ultimate purpose. Members The Partnership aims to employ people of ability and integrity who are committed to working together and to supporting its Principles. Relationships are based on mutual respect and courtesy, with as much equality between its members as differences of responsibility permit. The Partnership aims to recognise their individual contributions and reward them fairly. Job Descriptions These are the details of what an employee is expected to do at John Lewis. People are given a job description when they apply for a job so they know what they are applying for. At John Lewis the job descriptions include: * Job Title * Who they are responsible to * Status eg, Non-management * Main purpose * Job responsibilities John Lewis do not use person specifications. These state the personal qualities and qualifications that the applicants need to do the job. John Lewis say they discuss these things but do not give them out to staff as official documents. At John Lewis jobs are split into sales or non-sales jobs. In the selling department there are actually four different levels of jobs: 1. Assistant Sales Cashier 2. Sales Cashier 3. Section Manager 4. Selling Department Manager The three jobs we are looking at are Sales Cashier, Section Manager and Selling Department Manager. As the jobs get higher up the scale there are more responsibilities to that job. 1. Job title: Sales Cashier-sports equipment department Responsible to: Department Manager Status: Non-Management I have chosen the sports equipment store to do my project on. The job description( in italics) is what has been set for the staff and the meaning next to it(non italics): * Provide courteous and informed customer service and sell the merchandise by knowing the stock and relating it to customer needs. This means that the partners in that department will have to know all of the stock what product is best for a peculiar purpose and whats the best product for the customers. (Not meaning the most expensive product). If the member of staff is slightly unsure which is the best product then he/she will get another member who would Know. * To maintain the housekeeping standards of the department by keeping the fixtures and displays clean and well stocked with a balanced assortment. This means that the partners will have to keep a regular check on the stock and make sure when one is sold the same item is replaced on the shelf. Also to check equipment is not tampered with. * To complete monetary and credit transactions within procedure outlined in Instruction for the use of Cash Registers * To maintain the housekeeping standards of the department by keeping the fixtures and displays. clean and well stocked with a balanced assortmen.t * To assist with the preparation and execution of stocktaking * * To maintain security of cash, cash registers, sales checks and stock within the department. This is to have a partner always around the tills so that nothing will happen. Be aware of shoplifters. * To observe the Partnerships written rules and regulations particularly in relation to general behaviour to colleagues, customers and others, standards of dress, security, stock handling, discount, fire and emergency procedures. * To carry out duties required regularly or occasionally, according to the circumstances and guidance of the Department Manager. * Benefits: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6 per hour depending on experience 2. Job title: Section Manager Responsible to Department Manager Main Purpose To assist in the management of the department by planning, organising and supervising the activities of the team; to ensure a high standard of service is maintained at all times. 1. Plan organise and supervise the activities of the team. (a) Plan and manage office floor cover. (b) Organise priorities and allocate tasks to match resources. (c) Review task completion against task allocation. (d) Coach on work performance to Partners. (e) Plan organise and supervise exceptional events as directed e.g. Stocktaking and Clearance. 2. Ensure Partners advise and sell to customers. (a) Monitor Partners selling skills. (b) Monitor Partners produce knowledge. (c) Encourage promotion of customer services. 3. Contribute to developing and maintaining customer service. (a) Develop and maintain positive relationships with customers. (b) Investigate and deal with customer complaints. (c) Control the procedure for dealing with complaints. (d) Maintain the Partnerships trading policy. (e) Identify, suggest and implement improvements to customer service. 4. Evaluate and monitor the receipt of payments from customers for goods and services. (a) Evaluate takings practices and procedures, (b) Monitor takings practices and processes at cash point. 5. Contribute to the continuous improvement of the department (a) Identify opportunities for solving problems and improving the department. (b) Recommend improvements for the department. Contribute to the implementation of improvements to the department. 6. Present and promote stock Maintain Partnerships display and merchandise standards. Organise, monitor and evaluate promotions of stock to increase sales. (c) Organise, monitor and evaluate the display of stock. 7. Maintain the availability of stock (a) Maintain stock availability. (b) Recommend measures to improve stock availability. (c) Monitor and assess stock levels against requirements. 8. Supervise the receipt and storage of goods (a) Supervise, organise and maintain stockholding areas. (b) Monitor and maintain stock movements. 9. Create, maintain and enhance productive working relationships (a) Create and enhance productive working relationships with your team and colleagues. (b) Maintain and enhance productive working relationships with your manager. (c) Identify and minimise conflict within your team. 10. Contribute to the training and development of your team. (a) Contribute to planning the training and development of your team. (b) Contribute to the training and development of your team. (c) Contribute to the assessment of training. (d) Take responsibility for your development. 11. Contribute to a secure safe and healthy workplace. (a) Implement procedures to maintain the security of cash and stock. (b) Monitor losses and investigate identified problems. (c) Assess and control risks to health and safety. (d) Implement procedures to deal with threats to security, health and safety. 12. Promote Partnership principles and practices. (a) Provide information to Partners on councils, committees and Partnership Social activities. (b) Maintain Partnership Rules and Regulations. (c) To assist with the preparation and execution of stocktaking. (d) To observe the Partnerships written rules and regulations particularly in relation to general behaviour to colleagues, customers, and others, standards of dress, security, stock handling, discount, fire and emergency procedures. (e) To carry out duties, required regularly or occasional, according to circumstances and guidance of Department Manager. 3. Job title: Selling Department Manager Responsible to : Head of Branch Main Purpose: To optimise sales, reputation and profitability of the department and branch through the management of resources and the development of Partners, ensuring we deliver quality customer service and exploit the opportunities presented by the merchandise. This is to be achieved within the spirit, policies and written regulations of the Partnership. 1. Maximise the sales performance of the department Use space and group merchandise effectively Offer the right stock Present stock to the best effect Ticket merchandise to aid customer selection Promote merchandise Maintain a clean and tidy, well stocked department Generate commercial awareness within the team 2. Contribute to the profitability of the selling department and branch by controlling wastage and costs Minimise known and unknown wastage Minimise costs to the department and branch 3. Maintain and improve customer service Evaluate performance against agreed standards of customer service Identify, agree and implement improvements to standards of customer service Manage and evaluate customer complaints and take steps to minimise them 4.Control the Stock Management System Monitor stock control information to ensure stock levels meet expected sales Establish and maintain the correct balance of stock assortment with buyers Evaluate the effectiveness of arrangements for receiving, marking off and distributing stock for the department Organise the stocktaking operation Monitor and control staffing resources within an agreed budget Plan and agree staff estimate and pay review Contribute to the selection of new recruits Monitor and control the department staff costs within estimate Encourage and maintain a learning and development culture for self, team and individuals to improve personal performance and achieve business objectives Take responsibility for own development and learning Develop section manager Develop the team Manage the development of individuals Support off the job learning opportunities to ensure Partners needs are identified and met Create, maintain and develop effective working relationships Establish and maintain trust and support of Parnters Establish and maintain positive relationship with branch and central management colleagues Identify and manage conflict Implement disciplinary and grievance procedures Provide support and guidance to deal with unacceptable performance Manage continuous improvement in the department Encourage Partners to contribute to the continuous improvement of the department. Visualise change Use stock control systems to develop our business Match stock to customer profiles Create administration systems to develop our business Raise Partners awareness of commercial developments Identify and manage proposals to improve the department Maintain the security, health and safety of the working environment Control and monitor all aspects of security for cash, stocks and Partners Organise, monitor and update Risk Assessment in the department Minimise risks to health and safety of Partners and customers Maintain and promote an interest in partnership principles and practices Encourage Partners to demonstrate a sense of responsibility as members of a democratically owned business Generate and sustain teams interest in, and knowledge of Partnership matters Maintain all Partnership Rules and Regulations and ensure individuals in team do likewise

Death, Why Do They Write Thee Essay -- Literary Analysis

The medical world affects our qualms and contemplations every day, whether it is that disease one may struggle with every day or that stomach ache one may have tussled with after consuming some horrendous food. Today, although it may not seem like it, we are privileged to have our prime worries be that of cancer, Alzheimer’s, and mental ailments. All of those terrible infirmities, that we have yet to conquer, seemingly slip into occupations, conversation, compositions, and the routine of our everyday lives. This dilemma has always been a part of history, since colds were life threatening. At one point in time life expectancy was young, almost half of what it is today, many infants didn’t survive birth and diseases went rapid. One can imagine how petrified the people of those periods were. Scientific advancements in the medical field certainly affect the emotions and actions of death in daily life; this correlation is evident in literature throughout the ages, in arrange ments by authors, such as John Dunne, Jonathan Keats, and Elizabeth Barrett Browning. From the ages of superstition and homemade remedies arose the foundation of a complex medical world. The 1600s marked the termination of the Renaissance; however, the urge to learn more about the sciences persisted. One improvement was found in the previously women ran apothecary shops or pharmacies (Strocchia). The medical world was reformed when William Harvey discovered how blood circulates in 1628, which became â€Å"the basis for modern research on the heart and blood vessels† (Strocchia). Blood endured as a topic of interest and several years later in 1656 experimentation began on blood transfusion (â€Å"Medical Advances Timeline†). Towards the end of the decade blood cells, tissue,... ...y Reference Bank (H.W. Wilson). Web. 2 Apr. 2012. "The Life of Elizabeth Barrett Browning." The Victorian Web: An Overview. Web. 20 Mar. 2012. . â€Å"Medical Advances Timeline†. Infoplease. Web. 19 Mar. 2012. . Mulrooney, Jonathan. "Keats In The Company Of Kean." Studies In Romanticism 42.2 (2003): 227-250. Academic Search Premier. Web. 21 Mar. 2012. "Renaissance Medicine." ThinkQuest. Oracle Foundation. Web. 20 Mar. 2012. . Strocchia, Sharon T. "The Nun Apothecaries Of Renaissance Florence: Marketing Medicines In The Convent." Renaissance Studies 25.5 (2011): 627-647. Academic Search Premier. Web. 21 Mar. 2012. Thomas, Christina. "Jonathan Keats." English IV. Wheelersburg High School, Wheelersburg. Winter 2012. Lecture.

Rapid Regeneration of Chelated Iron Desulfurization Solution

Effect of rotation speed of electrode on the regeneration rate Figure 3 illustrates the effect of rotation speed of 138 Figure 2 Experimental process flow diagram I?power supply; 2?motor; 3?quid distributor; 4?cathode; 5?ceramic membrane; 6?gas distributor; 7?anode; 8?air steel container; 9?regenerated solution tank; 10?original decentralization solution tank; 11?pump is too high, the contact time between the collated iron elution and electrode is shortened, and the electrochemical oxidation reactions will be not complete, so the regeneration rate decreases slightly.Moreover, it is well known that higher rotating speed will cause in industrial applications. In this experiment, the regeneration rate can reach a maximum value of 84. 9% when rotation speed of electrode is equal to 180 rain-l, which is about 1. 6 times that achieves in the static electrode environment. The experiments demonstrate that the rotating electrode has significant advantages in improving the regeneration rate. F igure 3Effect of rotation speed of electrode on the regeneration rate electrode on the regeneration rate at a voltage of 4 V, an inlet air flow rate of 2 MPH-1 and an inlet liquid flow rate of 80 Lo-l . A higher rotating speed of electrode is favorable to increase the regeneration rate, resulting in higher regeneration efficiency. At lower rotating speed, the air bubbles in solution and the bubbles created during electrochemical reactions can adhere easily to the electrode surface and reduce the electrode activity area, which will decrease the electrochemical oxidation efficiency.With an increasing rotating speed, the bubbles can be timely detached from the electrode surface, and the thickness of diffusion layer decreases and the concentration difference can be eliminated rapidly. The increase of current density enhances the electrochemical regeneration effect. At the same time, the gas-liquid mixing degree and turbulence intensity will be enhanced to favor the mass transfer at a hi gher rotating speed, which can lead to the quick supplement of the dissolved oxygen consumed in the regeneration process.Thus, the regeneration rate increases with increasing rotating speed. However, when the rotating speed of electrode 3. 2 Effect of voltage on the regeneration rate Figure 4 shows the influence of voltage on the regeneration rate at a rotation speed of electrode of 180 rain-l, an inlet air flow rate of 2 MPH-1 and an inlet liquid flow rate of 80 Lo-l . The regeneration rate increases as voltage increases due to that the current density increases rapidly at the initial stage with the increase of voltage, resulting in an increased electrochemical reaction driving force.The increase of voltage is favorable to the regeneration rate in both of he rotating electrode and the static electrode environments. But the regeneration rate in the rotating electrode environment is higher than that in the static electrode environment at the same voltage due to that the rotating elec trode can provide a great and rapid renewed surface of the electrode to strengthen the electrochemical oxidation process. When the voltage regeneration rate increases slowly probably due to that the current density and the electrochemical reaction driving force increases slowly.Moreover, too high voltage easily leads to higher energy consumption and more side reactions. Thus, an appropriate voltage of 4 V is selected and the regeneration rate is 84. 8%. The new electrochemical reactor can be considered as the 139 strengthens the micro-mixing efficiency of the air and solution, resulting in excellent mixing and higher mass transfer rate. When inlet air flow rate increases to higher than 2 MPH-1, the regeneration rate increases slowly.The reason may be that the residence time of air becomes shorter in solution and the gas-liquid mass transfer efficiency decreases with a too large inlet air flow rate. Therefore, an inlet air flow rate of 2 MPH-1 s appropriate and the regeneration rate is 84. 8%. The experiments indicate that the rotating electrode has significant influence on improving the regeneration efficiency of air oxidation. Figure 4 Effect of voltage on the regeneration rate rotating electrode; A static electrode traditional tank-type reactor on condition that the voltage is O V in the static electrode environment.Under the optimum conditions, the regeneration rate of the new electrochemical reactor is increased from 45. 3% to 84. 8% compared with the traditional tank-type reactor. The experiments indicate that the rotating electrode can dramatically improve the efficiency of electrochemical oxidation. 3. 3 Effect of inlet air flow rate on the regeneration rate Figure 5 shows the effect of inlet air flow rate on the regeneration rate at a rotation speed of electrode of 180 rain-l, a voltage of 4 V and an inlet liquid flow rate of 80 Lo-l .With increasing inlet air flow rate, the regeneration rate first increases rapidly and then changes slightly both in th e rotating electrode and static electrode environments due to that the dissolved the rotating electrode environment, the regeneration rate is always higher than that achieved in the static electrode environment because the rotating electrode Figure 5 Effect of inlet air flow rate on the regeneration rate rotating electrode; A static electrode 3. Effect of inlet liquid flow rate on the regeneration rate Figure 6 illustrates the effect of inlet liquid flow rate on the regeneration rate at a rotation speed of electrode of 180 rain-l, a voltage of 4 V and an inlet air flow rate of 2 MPH-1. The regeneration rate first decreases slowly and then decreases rapidly with the increase of the inlet liquid flow rate in the rotating electrode environment, which shows the same trend as he case of the static electrode environment.The smaller the inlet liquid flow rate is, the longer the residence time of liquid in the electrochemical reactor will be. Long residence time can benefit the regeneration of the collated iron decentralization solution because the gas-liquid contract time and the electrolysis time are one of the most important influence factors of the regeneration process. When inlet liquid flow rate is less than 80 Oh-I, the regeneration rate remains at over 84. 6%.When inlet liquid flow rate continues to increase to higher than 80 Lo-l , the residence time of quid in the electrochemical reactor becomes shorter gradually, resulting in rapid decrease in the regeneration rate. Under the condition that the treatment capacity is bigger and the regeneration rate is higher, an optimum inlet liquid flow rate of 80 Lo-l is selected and the regeneration rate reaches 84. 6%, which is about 1. 6 times that in the static electrode environment.The Figure 6 Effect of inlet liquid flow rate on the regeneration rate rotating electrode; A static electrode 140 experiments demonstrate that the rotating electrode has significant advantages in increasing the treatment opacity of regener ation process. A new type of electrochemical reactor with rotating cylindrical electrodes exhibits better regeneration performance for the collated iron decentralization solution than the traditional tank-type reactor due to its good electrochemical oxidation property and gas-liquid mass transfer performance.The novel electrochemical reactor can not only provide a great and rapid renewed surface to accelerate the regeneration process of electrochemical oxidation, but also provide an excellent gas-liquid mixing environment to strengthen the regeneration recess of air oxidation, overcoming the poor mass transfer effect and the low oxidation regeneration efficiency in the traditional tank-type reactor. Under the optimum conditions, the regeneration rate of collated iron decentralization solution is increased from 45. 3% to 84. 8%.